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Lộ Trình System Design 2026

Lộ trình học System Design chi tiết nhất 2026 với Scalability, Load Balancing, Caching, Microservices, Database Sharding. Checklist từng bước, mức lương, cơ hội việc làm và resources miễn phí.

Lộ Trình Chi Tiết 9-12 Tháng

Roadmap được chia thành 6 giai đoạn rõ ràng, từ fundamentals đến interview prep

1
Tháng 1-2: System Design Fundamentals

Mục tiêu: Hiểu các concepts cơ bản của distributed systems

Scalability Basics (4 tuần):

  • Vertical Scaling: Upgrade hardware (CPU, RAM, SSD)
  • Horizontal Scaling: Add more servers, stateless design
  • Load Balancing: Round robin, Least connections, IP hash
  • Reverse Proxy: Nginx, HAProxy, AWS ALB/NLB

Networking & Protocols (4 tuần):

  • HTTP/HTTPS: Methods, Status codes, Headers, TLS
  • TCP/UDP: Connection-oriented vs Connectionless
  • WebSocket: Real-time bidirectional communication
  • DNS: Domain resolution, DNS caching, GeoDNS
  • CDN: Content delivery, Edge caching, Cloudflare, CloudFront

Dự án thực hành:

  • • Setup Nginx load balancer cho multiple app servers
  • • Configure CDN cho static assets
  • • Benchmark performance với/không có load balancer
2
Tháng 3-4: Database & Storage Systems

Mục tiêu: Master database scaling và storage patterns

Database Fundamentals (4 tuần):

  • SQL vs NoSQL: When to use what, Trade-offs
  • ACID Properties: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability
  • CAP Theorem: Consistency, Availability, Partition tolerance
  • BASE: Basically Available, Soft state, Eventually consistent
  • Indexing: B-tree, Hash index, Composite indexes

Database Scaling (4 tuần):

  • Replication: Master-Slave, Master-Master, Synchronous vs Async
  • Sharding: Horizontal partitioning, Shard key selection
  • Consistent Hashing: Distributed data, Virtual nodes
  • Read Replicas: Read scaling, Lag handling
  • Database Types: PostgreSQL, MySQL, MongoDB, Cassandra, DynamoDB

Storage Systems:

  • Object Storage: S3, GCS, MinIO
  • Block Storage: EBS, Persistent Disks
  • File Storage: EFS, NFS

Dự án thực hành:

  • • Setup PostgreSQL replication (Master-Slave)
  • • Implement sharding strategy cho user data
  • • Design database schema cho Twitter-like app
3
Tháng 5-6: Caching & Performance

Mục tiêu: Optimize system performance với caching strategies

Caching Fundamentals (4 tuần):

  • Cache Types: Browser, CDN, Application, Database cache
  • Cache Strategies: Cache-aside, Read-through, Write-through, Write-behind
  • Eviction Policies: LRU, LFU, FIFO, TTL
  • Cache Invalidation: Time-based, Event-based, Manual
  • Distributed Cache: Redis Cluster, Memcached

Redis Deep Dive (4 tuần):

  • Data Structures: Strings, Lists, Sets, Sorted Sets, Hashes
  • Use Cases: Session storage, Rate limiting, Leaderboards
  • Pub/Sub: Real-time messaging, Event broadcasting
  • Redis Cluster: Sharding, High availability
  • Persistence: RDB, AOF, Hybrid

Performance Optimization:

  • Database Query Optimization: EXPLAIN, Index tuning
  • Connection Pooling: PgBouncer, HikariCP
  • Async Processing: Background jobs, Queues

Dự án thực hành:

  • • Implement caching layer với Redis
  • • Build rate limiter với Redis
  • • Design caching strategy cho e-commerce product catalog
4
Tháng 7-8: Distributed Systems & Microservices

Mục tiêu: Design và build distributed systems

Message Queues (4 tuần):

  • Message Queue Concepts: Producer, Consumer, Broker
  • RabbitMQ: Exchanges, Queues, Bindings, Acknowledgments
  • Apache Kafka: Topics, Partitions, Consumer groups, Offsets
  • Use Cases: Async processing, Event sourcing, Log aggregation
  • Delivery Guarantees: At-most-once, At-least-once, Exactly-once

Microservices Architecture (4 tuần):

  • Monolith vs Microservices: Trade-offs, When to migrate
  • Service Communication: REST, gRPC, GraphQL, Message queues
  • API Gateway: Kong, AWS API Gateway, Routing, Rate limiting
  • Service Discovery: Consul, Eureka, Kubernetes DNS
  • Circuit Breaker: Hystrix, Resilience4j, Fallback strategies

Distributed Transactions:

  • Two-Phase Commit (2PC): Prepare, Commit phases
  • Saga Pattern: Choreography vs Orchestration
  • Eventual Consistency: Compensation, Idempotency

Dự án thực hành:

  • • Build event-driven system với Kafka
  • • Design microservices cho e-commerce (User, Product, Order, Payment)
  • • Implement Saga pattern cho order processing
5
Tháng 9-10: Real-World System Design

Mục tiêu: Design popular systems từ scratch

Classic System Design Problems (8 tuần):

  • URL Shortener (TinyURL): Hash generation, Base62 encoding, Analytics
  • Twitter/X: Timeline generation, Fan-out, Tweet storage
  • Instagram: Photo storage, Feed generation, Stories
  • WhatsApp/Messenger: Real-time messaging, Presence, Group chat
  • YouTube/Netflix: Video streaming, Transcoding, Recommendations
  • Uber/Grab: Location tracking, Matching, ETA calculation
  • Dropbox/Google Drive: File sync, Chunking, Deduplication
  • Search Engine: Crawling, Indexing, Ranking, Autocomplete

Design Framework:

  • Step 1: Clarify requirements (Functional, Non-functional)
  • Step 2: Back-of-envelope estimation (QPS, Storage, Bandwidth)
  • Step 3: High-level design (Components, Data flow)
  • Step 4: Deep dive (Database schema, API design, Algorithms)
  • Step 5: Identify bottlenecks và solutions

Dự án thực hành:

  • • Design URL shortener với full architecture
  • • Design Twitter feed system
  • • Design real-time chat application
6
Tháng 11-12: Interview Preparation

Mục tiêu: Ace system design interviews

Interview Skills (4 tuần):

  • Communication: Think out loud, Ask clarifying questions
  • Trade-off Discussion: Pros/cons of each decision
  • Time Management: 5 min requirements, 10 min high-level, 20 min deep dive
  • Whiteboard Skills: Clear diagrams, Component naming

Mock Interviews (4 tuần):

  • Pramp: Free mock interviews với peers
  • Interviewing.io: Anonymous mock interviews
  • Practice với friends: Record và review
  • Self-practice: Timer 45 min, Design từ scratch

Common Mistakes to Avoid:

  • Jumping to solution without clarifying requirements
  • Over-engineering: Keep it simple first
  • Not discussing trade-offs
  • Ignoring non-functional requirements (scalability, availability)

Dự án thực hành:

  • • Complete 20+ system design problems
  • • 10+ mock interviews
  • • Create personal cheat sheet cho common patterns

📚 Resources Miễn Phí 100%

Tất cả tài liệu học System Design hoàn toàn miễn phí

Free Courses & Guides
  • System Design Primer - GitHub repo với 250k+ stars (free)
  • roadmap.sh/system-design - Interactive roadmap
  • High Scalability Blog - Real-world architecture case studies
  • AWS Architecture Center - Reference architectures
YouTube Channels
  • ByteByteGo - Alex Xu's system design channel
  • Hussein Nasser - Backend engineering deep dives
  • Gaurav Sen - System design interviews
  • Tech Dummies - Narendra L's tutorials
  • System Design Interview - Mock interviews
Books (Recommended)
  • Designing Data-Intensive Applications - Martin Kleppmann (Bible of system design)
  • System Design Interview Vol 1 & 2 - Alex Xu
  • Building Microservices - Sam Newman
  • Web Scalability for Startup Engineers - Artur Ejsmont
Practice Platforms
  • Pramp - Free mock interviews
  • LeetCode - System Design section
  • Exponent - Interview prep platform
  • Excalidraw - Free whiteboard tool
💡 Pro Tips Học System Design Hiệu Quả
  • • Build real systems first - Kinh nghiệm thực tế quan trọng hơn lý thuyết
  • • Read engineering blogs - Netflix, Uber, Airbnb tech blogs
  • • Practice estimation - Back-of-envelope calculations
  • • Understand trade-offs - Không có perfect solution
  • • Draw diagrams - Visual thinking helps
  • • Mock interviews - Practice với người khác
  • • Study real architectures - How Netflix, Google, Amazon work

💼 Thị Trường Việc Làm 2026

Nhu Cầu Tuyển Dụng
  • Rất cao - Bắt buộc cho Senior+ roles
  • FAANG interviews 100% có System Design
  • Architect roles đang hot
  • Remote opportunities: 70%+ positions
Mức Lương Thực Tế (HCM 2026)
  • Senior (3-5 năm): 50-90 triệu
  • Staff Engineer (5-8 năm): 90-150 triệu
  • Principal/Architect (8+ năm): 150-250 triệu
  • FAANG (US Remote): $150k-350k/year

* System Design skills có thể tăng lương 30-50% so với cùng level

Skills Được Ưu Tiên 2026
  • Distributed Systems
  • Microservices Architecture
  • Database Scaling (Sharding, Replication)
  • Caching (Redis, Memcached)
  • Message Queues (Kafka, RabbitMQ)
  • Cloud Architecture (AWS, GCP)
  • API Design (REST, gRPC, GraphQL)
  • Observability (Monitoring, Logging, Tracing)

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